Dear Students ! Please find all the key terms from the chapter control and coordination along with their meaning.
In case of any suggestions, please put it in the comment section below.
| Terms | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Coordination | It is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another. |
| Neuron | Highly specialized cells which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of stimuli. |
| Stimuli | A stimulus causes an action or response, in an organism. It can be external (temperature, light, etc. ) or internal (hunger, thirst, pain, etc.). |
| Receptor | The sensory receptors enables us to be aware of the environment around us. It responds to the stimuli. |
| Electrical impulse | Also known as the nerve impulse. It is the passing of electrical current from one end of the neuron to the other end, which actually carries the information. |
| Synapse | It is the junction place where two neurons communicate. |
| Synaptic cleft | The space between two neurons at a synapse, where the nerve impulse is transmitted through certain chemical structures. |
| Neurotransmitter | These are the chemical messengers that help in transmission of the nerve impulse between two neurons at synapse. The neurotransmitters are released by one neuron nerve ends, and it is received by the receptors present on the surface of dendrites of the other neuron. |
| Neuromuscular junction | It is a synapse between the neuron (motor neuron) and skeletal muscle. It helps in muscle contraction. |
| Reflex action | It is body’s immediate, involuntary response to an external stimulus to protect itself from the immediate harm. The brain is not involved directly as there is no thinking involved. |
| Reflex arc | The pathway taken by the reflex action is referred to as reflex arc. It normally involves the receptors, sensory neuron, relay neuron and motor neuron, finally reaching the effector organs. |
| Sensory neuron | These are a type of neuron that carries the nerve impulse from the sense organs to the CNS. |
| Motor neuron | Neurons that take away nerve impulse from the CNS to the effector organs like muscle or glands. |
| Relay neuron | Relay neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate. |
| CNS | Central Nervous System – consists of brain and spinal cord. |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System – has two components: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
| Cerebrum | The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. |
| Cerebellum | Part of the hind brain. It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. |
| Pons | The pons is a part of the brainstem. It is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance. |
| Medulla | The medulla oblongata is part of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart/blood vessel function, and more. |
| Spinal cord | The spinal cord is a long, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. It consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. |
| Cranium | Also known as the skull that protects the brain from external injuries. |
| Tropic movement | The growth related movement exhibited by plants in response to an external stimulus. Hydrotropism, geotropism, phototropism, etc. |
| Nastic movement | The movements of plants parts in response to an external stimulus when the direction of response is not based on the direction of stimulus. It is not growth related. Thigmonasty (response to touch), photonasty (response to light), etc. |
| Geotropism | The movement of roots downwards in response to the gravitational force of earth. Roots exhibit positive geotropism whereas the shoots exhibit negative geotropism. |
| Hydrotropism | The movement of plant parts towards water or moisture. Root is positively hydrotropic. |
| Phototropism | The growth and movement of plant parts in response to light. Shoots exhibit positive phototropism while the roots exhibit negative phototropism. |
| Chemotropism | Response of plant parts towards certain chemical substance. Growth of pollen tube towards the style is an example of this. |
| Auxin | Plant growth hormone that helps the cells to grow longer/ cell elongation. |
| Cytokinin | Promotes cell division. |
| Gibberlin | Helps in growth of the stems. |
| Absisic acid | Inhibits growth. Involved in wilting of leaves. |
| Emergency hormone | Another name for the adrenaline. |
| Thyroxin | One of the most important thyroid hormone. It regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth. |
| Growth hormone | Also known as somatotropin. It stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. |
| Insulin | Hormone released by the beta cells of the pancreas. It helps in bringing down the concentration of blood glucose level to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. |
| Glucagon | It is a hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fat in the bloodstream. |
| Glucose homeostasis | The maintenance of blood glucose level by the action of insulin and glucagon hormones. |
| Feedback mechanism | Mechanism by which the release and functioning of hormones are regulated. |
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