| Nutrition | Process of taking in and utilizing various types of foods by organisms, for obtaining energy necessary for growth and development. |
| Autotrophs | Organisms who can synthesize their own organic food from simple inorganic sources. |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that cannot prepare its own food and depends upon other for its nutritional requirements. |
| Enzymes | These are the biological catalyst that speed up various biochemical reactions. |
| Carbohydrates | Biological molecule made up of sugar or glucose, required for the production of energy. |
| Chlorophyll | Pigments found in green plants essential for the process of photosynthesis. They are located inside the thylakoid of the chloroplast. |
| Starch | These are storage form of glucose in plants. |
| Glycogen | These are storage form of glucose in animals. |
| Photosynthesis | It refers to the process of synthesis of food by autotrophic organisms by utilizing carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll that absorbs the sunlight. |
| Chloroplasts | Green color plastids that contain the chlorophyll pigments. |
| Stomata | Structures in plants that help in the process of exchange of gases and transpiration. |
| Guard cells | These are kidney-shaped cells that make up the stomatal aperture. |
| Parasitic mode of nutrition | It refers to the mode of nutrition where the organism obtains its nutrition from living plants or animals without killing them. |
| Saprophytic mode of nutrition | Mode of nutrition where the organism obtains its nutrition from dead and decaying organic matter. |
| The organism secret certain enzymes to digest the decaying organic matter into simpler products and later absorb them. |
| Holozoic mode of nutrition | In this kind of nutrition, the organism feed exclusively on solid organic materials. The food is later broken down into simple molecules inside the body of the organism. |
| Pseudopodia | These are temporary finger-like projections of the cell surface seen in an organism like Amoeba to obtain food. |
| Peristaltic movements | The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the esophagus/food pipe while the bolus/chewed food is moving from the mouth to the stomach. |
| Oesophagus | Also known as food pipe, that connects the mouth and stomach. |
| Gastric glands | These are glands located in various portions of the stomach. These glands release mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen. |
| Pepsinogen | The inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. |
| Pepsin | Enzyme released in the stomach that requires an acidic condition for its action on proteins. |
| Sphincter muscle | Structure that regulates the movement of chyme/partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine. |
| Trypsin | Proteolytic enzyme released into the small intestine by the pancreas and requires an alkaline medium for its action. |
| Trypsinogen | Inactive form of the enzyme trypsin. |
| Bile | The bile is released into the duodenum by pancreas contains bile pigments (bilirubin and bili-verdin), bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids but no enzymes |
| Bile salts | It helps in emulsification of fat molecules or breaking down of the large fat molecules into smaller fat molecules in the small intestine, making it easier for the enzyme lipase to act on it. |
| Lipase | Enzyme released by the intestinal epithelial cells, that acts on the fats and break it down into fatty acids and glycerol. |
| Villi | The numerous finger-like projections that are present on the inner side of the small intestine and help in increasing the surface are for the absorption of digested food materials. |
| They are richly supplied with blood vessels that can take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body. |
| Respiration | Process by which food materials are oxidized in cells to release energy. |
| Fermentations | Fermentation is an anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking down glucose. |
| In muscles, lack of oxygen during intense exercise leads to lactate fermentation which ends up with lactic acid and some amount of energy as the product. |
| Glycolysis | The process of formation of pyruvate from glucose in the cytoplasm through a series of reaction involving several enzymes. |
| ATP | The energy currency of cells. Adenosine Tri Phosphate. The energy is stored in the phosphate bonds. |
| Breakdown of one of the terminal phosphate bond leads to the release of 30.5 KJ/mol of energy. |
| Alveoli | The alveoli are tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. |
| Hemoglobin | It is the respiratory pigment present in the RBC, giving it the characteristics red color, help in the transport of oxygen in the body. |
| Blood Plasma | Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid that holds the cells of the blood. |
| Blood Serum | It is the blood plasma without the clotting factors. |
| Artery | Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissue sites. |
| Vein | Blood vessels that carry the deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. |
| Vena cava | Largest vein in the body. It is of two types- the superior vena cava (brings blood from the upper body parts) and the inferior vena cava (collects blood from the lower body parts). |
| Aorta | Largest artery in the body. |
| Capillaries | These are the smallest of blood vessels. They distribute oxygenated blood from arteries to the tissues of the body and to collect deoxygenated blood from the tissues back into the veins. |
| Pulmonary artery | Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gaseous exchange. |
| Pulmonary vein | Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart after gaseous exchange. |
| Double circulation | In a single cardiac cycle the blood enters the heart twice. Consists of two circuits of blood passing through heart – pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. |
| Pulmonary circulation | In this circulation the deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs, oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs. |
| Systemic circulation | Here the oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to all the organs and the deoxygenated blood is collected from the organs back to the heart. |
| Sphygmomanometer | It is an instrument to measure the blood pressure. |
| Hypertension | Also known as high blood pressure where the blood pressure in the arteries is high. |
| Platelets | Component in the blood responsible for the blood clotting/coagulation. |
| Lymph | Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. |
| Its composition is similar to plasma but is colorless and contains lesser protein. |
| It carries the digested and absorbed fats from intestine and drains the excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood. |
| Transpiration | The loss of water from the leaf surface in the form of water vapors. |
| Translocation | Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis via phloem. |
| Ureters | Tube like structure that connects the kidney and the urinary bladder. |
| Urethra | Tube like structure that runs down from the lower end of urinary bladder to conduct urine to the exterior. |
| Nephrons | Basic filtration unit of the kidneys. Consists of the bowmen’s capsule and renal tubules. |
| Bowman’s capsule | It is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. |
| Glomerulus | It consists of a tuft of small blood vessels called capillaries located within Bowman’s capsule within the kidney. |
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