1. State the two principles that gave rise to modern biotechnology.
2. Define the term biotechnology as given by EFB.
3. Why is maintaining aseptic conditions important for the biotechnological studies?
4. What do you understand by a cloning of DNA?
5. What do you call the specific sequence of DNA essential for multiplying any foreign piece of DNA in any organism?
6. What do you understand by a plasmid?
7. Name the scientists responsible for the development of the first rDNA. Explain in brief how did they achieve it?
8. Name the enzyme that is essential to cut the DNA at a specific location.
9. How many types of RE are there? State their roles.
10. Why do you call the plasmid DNA as a vector?
11. What is the role of the DNA ligase?
12. What is in-vitro condition?
13. State the three basic steps involved in genetically modifying an organism.
14. What are the two enzymes that were isolated from the E. coli in the year 1963 that could restrict the growth of bacteriophase?
15. Name the first developed restriction endonuclease.
16. What is a restriction sequence?
17. Explain in details the nomenclature of EcoRI.
18. Explain the functioning of restriction endonuclease.
19. What is the meaning of palindromic nucleotide sequence? Provide one example.
20. What are blunt ends and sticky ends?
21. How does the presence of sticky ends on the DNA strands help the DNA ligase to ligate two different strands?
22. What do you understand by gel electrophoresis?
23. How can we separate a mixture of DNA fragments of different size? Explain.
24. What is the gel made up of used in the gel electrophoresis used for separation of DNA fragments. Mention the source of the component.
25. State the principle behind the separation of DNA fragments on the Agarose gel.
26. Provide meaning of the following terms related to the gel electrophoresis:
a. Resolve
b. Elution
27. How can we see the DNA bands after the electrophoresis run?
28. What are cloning vectors? What are its essential features?
29. What do you mean by copy number in a cloning vector?
30. What is transformation in bacteria?
31. State the importance of selectable marker in a vector. Provide an example of the same.
32. Why is it preferable to ligate the alien DNA at a restriction site present in any one of the two antibiotic resistance gene in pBR322?
33. What are cloning sites?
34. Explain the concept of insertional inactivation.
35. How can the lac Z be used for insertional inactivation instead of the antibiotic resistance gene?
36. Name the main cloning vector in plants and animals. Explain how have they been developed?
37. What are competent cells? How can you make a bacterial cell competent?
38. Explain the heat shock treatment for the transformation of bacteria.
39. Explain in details the method of insertion of alien DNA into the host cells in plants and animals.
40. State the roles of lysozyme, cellulose and chitinase in the isolation of genetic materials.
41. How can we get rid of RNA and protein contaminants while isolating the DNA?
42. What role does chilled ethanol play in the isolation of DNA?
43. Name the technique that could be employed to check the progression of a restriction digestion.
44. Why does the DNA move towards anode during electrophoresis?
45. What is the source DNA, as well as vector DNA restriction digested with the same restriction enzyme?
46. Name the scientist behind the development of the technique to amplify a fragment of DNA.
47. What are primers?
48. What property does the specialized DNA polymerase possess that is used in the PCR? Name this enzyme and also mention its source organism.
49. Explain the steps involved in making multiple copies of gene of interest in an in-vitro conditions.
50. How do you isolate a transformants from non-transformants provided the rDNA contains the ampr gene?
51. Define recombinant protein.
52. What do you mean by continuous culture? Explain as to why does this technique produce a larger biomass leading to higher yield of desired protein?
53. What are bioreactors? List out the six growth parameters that could be regulated in a bioreactor.
54. Differentiate between the simple-stirred tank bioreactor and the sparged stirred tank bioreactor.
55. What is down streaming processing?